Every developer that works with MySQL understands how crucial the RDBMS is for their projects. The database management system can support all kinds of projects, from gaming forums to healthcare solutions. According to research performed by DatabaseJournal, it takes up almost half, 44 percent, of the database market share.
Improving MySQL performance is also something that every DBA struggles with at some point in their career. Worry not though, we’re here to help. In this article, we’ll walk through five ways to quickly improve your MySQL database performance. Let’s get started!
- MySQL and your applications
- Improving database performance in general
- #1: Managing the
my.cnf file - #2 and #3: Check up on MySQL storage engines and schema design
- #4 and #5: Indexes and partitions
- Advanced operations: Tips and tricks
MySQL and your applications
Before attempting to improve your MySQL app performance, one of the first things to consider is the infrastructure backing your application. No system has ever been improved upon without first understanding what it’s built on. For this reason, we need to take a step back and check up on the server backing MySQL.
We’ll first want to check up on two basic things, starting with the amount of memory installed on the server. You can observe this by issuing a free command. Secondly, you can issue the df" command to observe the amount of hard drive space on the server.
Keeping these things in mind, you can connect to MySQL. First, you’ll want to check whether any unnecessary queries are running by using the SHOW PROCESSLIST command. You should receive an output like the one below:
If you see any long-running queries that you don’t recognize, it’s a good idea to terminate them; a long-running query may be an obstacle to other queries. However, chances are that you won’t see any suspicious queries. Even if you do, terminating one or two slow queries won’t rapidly improve your database performance.
To speed up your queries, you need to gain some understanding of how queries and MySQL work in general.
Improving database performance in general
Before walking you through the specific measures that help improve MySQL database performance, you need to understand the basics of database performance.
Where database performance improvement is concerned, people are usually talking about improving the performance of CRUD, Create, Read, Update, and Delete queries. In MySQL, these queries span the INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE queries.
All queries within MySQL lean on the settings defined in one core file related to MySQL, my.cnf. All of the settings defined in my.cnf have a direct impact on query performance.
You can usually improve the INSERT query performance by removing indexes from the table that data is inserted to. The more indexes are on a specific table, the harder it is for INSERT to proceed.
To improve SELECT query performance, we typically use indexes. To improve UPDATE query performance, we perform updates in batches, meaning we perform many smaller updates instead of one big update.
To improve DELETE query performance, we switch the DELETE query to TRUNCATE. TRUNCATE deletes all rows in a table. Such a query is generally much faster than deleting rows using DELETE because TRUNCATE provides MySQL with less overhead.
The advice given above will certainly be a good starting point when trying to understand why a MySQL-based database is misbehaving in the performance realm.
To understand the reasons behind the assumptions given above, though, we’ll need to dive deeper. I recommend taking a backup of your database, then coming back to this blog. Now, we’ll review five ways that will help you rapidly improve your database performance.
#1: Managing the my.cnf file
When attempting to improve MySQL query performance, one of the first things to take a closer look at would be the my.cnf file, which holds all the necessary parameters for MySQL to function. If you’re using Linux, you can find the my.cnf file in one of the following directories:
/var/lib/mysql/my.cnf/etc/my.cnf/etc/mysql/my.cnf/usr/etc/my.cnf
If you‘re using Windows, you can find the file in the /bin/mysql/mysql *.*.* directory.
mysql *.``*.*``* refers to your MySQL version. Open up the file and look for the parameters surrounding InnoDB:
All of these parameters are related to one of the main storage engines within MySQL, InnoDB. You can use other storage engines, but since InnoDB is the default storage engine offered by MySQL, we suggest you go with it.
my.cnf parameters
Let’s review the parameters. The innodb-buffer-pool-size parameter defines the size of the buffer pool, which is used to cache data related to InnoDB tables. The innodb-data-file-path parameter specifies the path where the ibdata1 file is stored. ibdata1 is the main file related to InnoDB, storing all of the necessary data.
innodb-default-row-format specifies the row format within InnoDB tables. These can be either fixed or dynamic. innodb-doublewrite specifies whether or not the doublewrite mechanism within InnoDB is enabled.
innodb-flush-log-at-trx-commit specifies how data is flushed to log files when transactions commit and finish. The innodb-flush-method parameter defines the method used to flush data to log files.
Setting my.cnf parameters
Remember how you figured out the amount of RAM and hard drive space available within your infrastructure? Now is the time to use those details for the best possible performance. We’ll set the parameters as follows.
The innodb-buffer-pool-size parameter should be set to 50 to 60 percent of the available RAM. The bigger it is, the more data will be cached, and therefore, inserting data will be faster.
Increase the size of the innodb-data-file-path variable so that it is able to accommodate all of the data within MySQL. We recommend setting the parameter to 5-10 GB.
If the parameter is not present, include an innodb-file-per-table parameter and set it to one. The innodb-file-per-table parameter will help MySQL understand that it needs to store all tables as separate files, thereby making the size of the buffer pool significantly smaller. The buffer pool will only hold metadata.
We advise leaving the innodb-flush-log-at-trx-commit parameter at its default value. The default value guarantees ACID compliance, but, if you want faster write performance, you can also consider changing the value to 0 or 2. Bear in mind that ACID, the properties guaranteeing data integrity, will be traded off as a result.
Leave the flush method as is. The O_DIRECT flush method guarantees faster performance when importing data due to the Linux kernel avoiding the OS cache.
Performing the steps specified above will guarantee faster performance even if your server has a limited amount of RAM and storage space.
#2 and #3: Check up on MySQL storage engines and schema design
In addition to fiddling around with the my.cnf file, we should also examine the storage engines we use and the way they are designed.If you’re using MySQL, use InnoDB. If you’re using Percona Server, use Percona XtraDB.
InnoDB parameters
At the time of writing, InnoDB is the only storage engine that supports ACID properties. These properties guarantee data integrity even in the event of power outages or any similar disruptions. As mentioned previously, ACID can be exchanged for speed by setting the innodb-flush-log-at-trx-commit parameter to 0 or 2.
InnoDB offers multiple parameters that you can use to rapidly improve query performance and other operations, including innodb-buffer-pool-size and innodb-log-file-size.
Set the buffer pool size to 60 percent of RAM available within your infrastructure and the log file size to approximately a quarter of the value allocated to the buffer pool. The log files are scanned when MySQL is restoring the data within InnoDB. The bigger the size, the faster the speed of the restore process.
Both InnoDB and XtraDB support row-level locking. In simple terms, row-level locking refers to only locking access to rows that are directly impacted by a transaction. Compared to table-level locking, it has one significant advantage; developers can continue working with rows when updating data.
If your use case doesn’t require such an approach, you should avoid using any other storage engine than InnoDB. MyISAM isn’t reliable, and other storage engines are to be used only in specific corner cases. For more information, refer to the MySQL documentation.
If the data you’re working with exceeds 10 million rows, all of your tables are normalized.
Indexing queries
At least some of the columns within the tables that you run SELECT queries on are indexed. For optimal results, index either all of the columns that go after the WHERE clause or the first one to save space. This type of approach will improve the performance of queries that read data because indexes will let MySQL know how to find columns with specific values quickly.
Data types and integers
It’s important that you know your way around data types and character sets. To occupy less space on the disk, you should use CHAR (character) or VARCHAR (variable character) data types instead of TEXT– CHAR and VARCHAR data types. It’s the same with integers; consider using SMALLINT instead of INT if necessary to save hard drive space.
Specify the length of the data types properly. Consider specifying a size of, say, 50, instead of 255, the maximum value, when dealing with big data. Such an approach will save massive amounts of space on the disk.
Ensure that your tables do not store any data that’s not necessary. The less data that is stored, the less data you have to read and update.
#4 and #5: Indexes and partitions
In addition to the factors described above, indexes and partitions are also immensely important. Indexes help us to find rows with specific values quickly, whereas partitions act as tables within tables to further improve performance.
Both of those approaches come with a cost on the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE queries since the data that is inserted or updated needs to be updated inside of the index or partition itself.
However, both of these approaches have an upside as well; they both speed up read operations. Partitions make SELECT queries faster because they can split tables into smaller tables beginning with a certain character, only running queries through them. On the other hand, the job of an index is to make SELECT queries with a WHERE clause faster.
Best practices for indexes
Both indexes and partitions have multiple different types. For the purposes of this article, we won’t discuss them all, but for indexes, keep the following in mind.
The most common type of indexes, B-tree indexes, are useful when used in conjunction with queries with operators containing an equality sign =.
Covering indexes cover all of the columns that are used by a specific query. For example, a covering index on the columns a1, a2, and a3 would satisfy the following query:
SELECT * FROM demo WHERE a1 = 'Demo' AND a2 = 'Demo 2' AND a3 = 'Demo 3';
Hash indexes only work in specific storage engines and specific search operators within MySQL, including = and <=>.
Partitions in MySQL
For partitions, keep in mind that they come in multiple flavors as well.
Partitioning by RANGE lets us partition values falling within a given range. This type of partitioning is particularly useful when splitting large tables by character or number.
Partitioning by HASH splits the table into multiple tables according to a number of columns. For example, PARTITION BY HASH(id) PARTITIONS 8; would split the table into multiple different tables at the database level with eight partitions in total.
All types of partitioning can be found in the MySQL documentation. Partitioning is usually defined upon creating a table, and in many cases, it looks like the following:
CREATE TABLE table_name ( [column_details] ) [partitioning_details]; Partitioning by range, for example, would look like this: CREATE TABLE table_name ( `demo_column` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' ) PARTITION BY RANGE (column) ( PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (100), PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (200) );
Other types of partitioning look very similar to the partitioning defined above. However, partitioning by RANGE is replaced by LIST, HASH, or other types.
Partitioning has another very important upside as well. It allows users to delete all of the data stored in a single partition; ALTER TABLE demo TRUNCATE PARTITION partition_name will do the trick.
Advanced operations: Tips and tricks
Both indexing and partitioning will help immensely in improving read operations, but there are a couple of additional things that we need to keep in mind.
COUNT(*) queries are only fast when the MyISAM storage engine is used. Faster COUNT(*) queries are the only upside of the MyISAM storage engine since it stores the row count within its metadata. No other storage engines do that.
For faster SELECT queries with wildcards, employ wildcards only at the end of the search query. Queries should look like the code below; keep in mind that there’s no wildcard sign at the start of the string:
SELECT * FROM demo_table WHERE column LIKE 'string%';
Wildcards at the start of the string tell MySQL that it should search for anything % at the beginning, which can slow the query down.
UNIQUE indexes help us to ensure that each entry inside a column is unique. If that’s not the case, MySQL will error out.
The IGNORE keyword is useful if we want to ignore errors when inserting data or performing other operations. Simply specify IGNORE within the statement, then proceed as usual:
INSERT IGNORE INTO demo_table (c1) VALUES ('Demo');
LOAD DATA INFILE and SELECT … INTO OUTFILE is significantly faster than issuing INSERT queries and backing up data in a regular fashion. Such queries avoid a lot of the overhead that exists when INSERT queries are being run. Refer to the MySQL documentation for more information.
Older versions of MySQL cannot deal with FULLTEXT indexes on bigger data sets when we’re searching for anything with an @ sign. That’s a bug within MySQL, BUG#104263. This approach causes the query to timeout.
Avoid issuing ALTER queries on tables running big data sets. Due to how ALTER works internally, it forces MySQL to create a new table, then inserts the data into it, makes the necessary changes, and swaps the original table with the copy. As far as big data sets are concerned, this approach usually takes a long time, so just keep that in mind.
Sometimes, it’s helpful to use the DEFAULT keyword to set default values to many rows at once. Imagine creating a table, then inserting a billion rows into it. When the DEFAULT keyword is used, rows will be pre-filled with a specific keyword, thereby preventing the need for potentially problematic ALTER queries as described above. Define a column as follows:
`column_name` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'value';
Hopefully, the advice in this article will help you improve the performance of your MySQL databases. However, as with everything, note that there are downsides.
The downsides of each approach
Improving MySQL performance using the methods described above may come with the following drawbacks.
Checking up on my.cnf requires some knowledge of Linux internals, and in many cases, a rather strong server. You can’t improve performance much if your RAM is limited to 256MB or if you have only 2GB of disk space in total.
Knowing your way around my.cnf and storage engines and modifying their settings usually requires deep knowledge of the MySQL space. One needs to know exactly what each parameter that is modified does, what their appropriate values are, and more.
Windows users have it easy since my.ini, a my.cnf equivalent, provides them with a lot of comments within itself, but Linux users usually have to define many settings themselves.
The main downside of data types and character sets is the fact that each character requires space on the disk, and some character sets have different requirements in the storage space. Four bytes per character or eight bytes per character certainly makes a difference if we’re dealing with large data sets, so that’s something to think about too. Refer to the MySQL documentation for more information.
Indexes and partitions usually speed up SELECT operations at the expense of slowing down everything else, including INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, since all of those queries have to insert, update, or delete data in indexes and partitions as well.
Conclusion
In this article, we’ve discussed five ways that you can rapidly improve your MySQL database performance. Each approach has its own unique upsides and downsides and is applicable in different scenarios. However, whether or not the pros outweigh the cons is for you to decide.
Familiarize yourself with the documentation surrounding your storage engine of choice. Use InnoDB or XtraDB as your storage engine, try your best to normalize the tables you’re working with, avoid using unnecessary sizes for your data types, and index your columns to speed up SELECT queries.
Indexes and partitions are used to speed up SELECT queries at the expense of slowing down INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. Both of these approaches have multiple types and can be incredibly useful if used wisely.
As always, before attempting to improve your MySQL app performance using one or more of the ways described in this article, be sure to evaluate all of the options available to you, take backups before you test anything, and try all modifications on a local environment first. Make modifications wisely, and always keep in mind that a performance increase in one place most likely means a performance decrease in another place.
I hope you enjoyed this article. Be sure to leave a comment if you have any questions, and happy coding.
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